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Ice cores are cylinders of ice drilled from Greenland and Antarctica (usually). They can be very good ways of estimating the climate of the past, especially on large scales. One way this can be done is by looking at the makeup of different layers. Gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen get trapped in layers, which can be used to estimate past atmospheres and climates. This allows estimates of past climates with a precision that most other methods don’t allow. The further you drill, the earlier data you can get. Cores have been drilled as long as 11,886 ft (3,623 m), and data has been recorded from as far back as 4-5 million years ago.
Despite this, there are limitations. On their own, they’re most useful for estimating climates of local polar regions, while for estimating more global climates they need to be used in conjunction with other methods. For example, ice cores from Greenland showed a single decade where the average temperature rose 15 degrees Fahrenheit (8 degrees Celsius). However, this same increase wasn’t seen worldwide, it was a local phenomenon.
Despite this, there are limitations. On their own, they’re most useful for estimating climates of local polar regions, while for estimating more global climates they need to be used in conjunction with other methods. For example, ice cores from Greenland showed a single decade where the average temperature rose 15 degrees Fahrenheit (8 degrees Celsius). However, this same increase wasn’t seen worldwide, it was a local phenomenon.