omgomgOMG DAYS OF THE WEEK ARE MY FAVOURITE I LOVE THEM
i knew that saturday came from saturn (but never really questioned why suddenly we're getting all roman when until then it was germanic - until you pointed it out lmfao). that said in a lot of other languages (especially romance languages) the name for saturday does come from sabbath - like samedi in french. usually sunday would also be derived from dominicus (lord's day) - like the french dimanche.
however, the saturday = saturn connection was easier for me to make because what nina said about gujarati is mostly consistent with hindi and bengali - the indo-aryan languages that i speak.
in hindi:
saturday is shunivar (shuni = saturn, var = day, in the hindi word we retain the sh sound which i think becomes an s in the gujarati word. s becoming sh and vice versa across indo-aryan languages is a whole other topic for another time)
sunday is ravivar (ravi = sun, var = day) - that said, i've also heard people say itvar (no idea what "it" means), but maybe that's more urdu
in bengali:
saturday = shonibar, sunday = robibar (the u (as in the u in sun) sound in lots of indo-aryan languages (that said i usually romanise it as an a out ofthe habit of following convention out here) is pronounced like an o in bengali, and the v sound becomes a b). so really, the same words
the other days of the week are:
hindi -
monday = somvar (som=moon)
tuesday = mangalvar (mangal=mars)
wednesday = budhvar (budh=mercury. NOT to be confused with gautam buddha)
thursday = guruvar/brihaspativar (brihaspati=jupiter. as a mythological figure, he's the priest (guru) of the gods so that's the root of guruvar)
friday = shukravar (shukra=venus)
again make the pronunciation swaps i mentioned and you get the days of the week in bengali.
somehow, across cultures, we decided that these specific days of the week are related to these specific heavenly bodies. and this is also common to the chinese, who lent it to the japanese and koreans (cause they used the chinese script!).
another interesting thing, however, is that the chinese (and therefore the japanese and the koreans) also believed that each of the planets except earth (until saturn, cause beyond that hadn't been discovered yet) was associated with some element. so the word for mercury is literally "water star", as mercury was associated with water. venus is "gold star", mars is "fire star", jupiter is "wood star" and saturn is "soil star" (this also explains the sailor guardians' powers in sailor moon, fyi)
so.... the days of the week become (i'm going eng - c - j - k)
sunday = 日曜日 (rìyàorì) = nichiyōbi = 일요일 (ilyoil) [日 is the character for sun, but also day]
monday = 月曜日 (yuèyàorì) = getsuyōbi = 월요일 (wolyoil) [月 is the character for moon]
tuesday = 火曜日 (huǒyàorì) = kayōbi = 화요일 (hwayoil) [火 is the character for fire - mars is associated with fire]
wednesday = 水曜日 (shuǐyàorì) = suiyōbi = 수요일 (suyoil) [水 is the character for water - mercury is associated with water]
thursday = 木曜日 (mùyàorì) = mokuyōbi = 목요일 (mokyoil) [木 is the character for wood – what jupiter is associated with]
friday = 金曜日 (jīnyàorì) = kin'yōbi =금요일 (geumyoil) [金 is the character for gold – what venus is associated with]
saturday = 土曜日(tǔyàorì) = doyōbi =토요일 (toyoil) [土 is the character for soil – what saturn is associated with]